Sexually Transmitted Diseases Frequently Asked Questions
What are sexually transmitted infections?
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are infections you can get by having sex with someone who has an infection. These infections are usually passed by having intercourse, but they can also be passed through other types of sex. STIs can be caused by viruses or bacteria. STIs caused by viruses include hepatitis B, herpes, HIV and the human papilloma virus (HPV). STIs caused by bacteria include chlamydia, gonorrhea and syphilis.
Am I at risk for having an STI?
If you've ever had sex, you may be at risk for having an STI. Your risk is higher if you have had many sex partners, have had sex with someone who has had many partners or have had sex without using condoms.
Should I be checked for STIs?
See your doctor if you're at risk for having an STI, if you have any STI symptoms or if you have concerns about whether you have one. STIs can cause problems if left untreated.
For example, chlamydia can lead to problems that can cause women not to be able to have children. HPV can lead to cancer of the cervix or penis, and syphilis can lead to paralysis, mental problems, heart damage, blindness and death.
How are STIs diagnosed?
Most STIs can be diagnosed through an exam by your doctor, a culture of the secretions from your vagina or penis, or through a blood test.
Can STIs be prevented?
Yes. The only sure way to prevent STIs is by not having sex. If you have sex, you can lower your risk by only having sex with someone who isn't having sex with anyone else and who doesn't have an STI.
You should always use condoms when having sex, including oral and anal sex.
What else should I do?
Limit the number of sex partners you have. Ask your partner if he or she has an STI and tell your partner if you have had one. Talk about whether you've both been tested for STIs and whether you should be tested.
Look for signs of an STI in your sex partner. But remember that STIs don't always show their symptoms. Don't have sex if you or your partner are being treated for an STI.
Wash your genitals with soap and water and urinate soon after you have sex. This may help clean away some germs before they have a chance to infect you.
Do condoms prevent STIs?
Male latex condoms can reduce your risk of getting an STI if used correctly (see the box below). Be sure to use them every time you have sex, during all types of sex, including vaginal, anal and oral sex. Female condoms aren't as effective as male condoms, but should be used when a man won't use a male condom.
Remember, though, that condoms aren't 100% safe and can't protect you from coming in contact with some sores, such as those that can occur with herpes, or warts, which can occur with HPV infection.
Should I use a spermicide to help prevent STIs?
No. It was once thought that spermicides with nonoxynol-9 could help prevent STIs much like they help prevent pregnancy -- by damaging the organisms that cause the diseases. New research has shown that nonoxynol-9 can also irritate a woman’s vagina and cervix, actually increasing the risk of STI infection.
Be sure to also check the ingredients of any other sex-related products you own, such as lubricants and condoms. Some brands of these products may have nonoxynol-9 added to them. If you are unsure if your spermicide or any other product contains nonoxynol-9, ask your doctor before using it.